So, prior to contacting the client I pulled the drive to check its condition as I've not been able to accomplish that with the drive in the laptop. I attempted to run the Apple diagnostic, but it failed to load giving a 3403D error. Found this thread which seems to address the issue.
https://discussions.apple.com/thread/6852196?start=0&tstart=0
After testing the drive (Hitachi date code 2009) this is the result:
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000b 100 100 062 Pre-fail Always - 0
2 Throughput_Performance 0x0005 100 100 040 Pre-fail Offline - 0
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0007 140 140 033 Pre-fail Always - 2
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0012 090 090 000 Old_age Always - 16595
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 005 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000b 100 100 067 Pre-fail Always - 0
8 Seek_Time_Performance 0x0005 100 100 040 Pre-fail Offline - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0012 090 090 000 Old_age Always - 4517
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 060 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 099 099 000 Old_age Always - 2269
160 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x000a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 1855425871872
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 253449601047
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0012 052 052 000 Old_age Always - 488861
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0002 250 250 000 Old_age Always - 22 (Min/Max 7/45)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x000a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0008 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x000a 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
223 Load_Retry_Count 0x000a 099 099 000 Old_age Always - 65536
254 Free_Fall_Sensor 0x0032 090 090 000 Old_age Always - 8589937341
Clearly the drive needs to be replaced, but I'm not sure it's the root cause. I won't suggest the client replace the drive unless I'm sure it's the problem. I'm conflicted because performing First Aid via Disk Utility has no effect, won't boot into safe mode but will into recovery mode. If It will properly display the screen in recovery mode it seems to rule out a GPU problem.